Case Analysis Paper #2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Paper #2 - Case Study Example Therefore, based on my reasonable experience, I would support the innovation as an effective approach for heart surgery in view of extended application of minimally invasive techniques. The case study provides the progress, which Cardio Thoracic Systems have gone in the past two decades. From the analysis I have done of the progression of the systems, I would admit most innovators in this field have done impressive work. Despite that, not everything they did is perfect for some innovations have yielded to complications that are more severe. The CABG procedure was the initial approach used for heart surgery during that period (before 1996). This system proved effective in most cases though during surgery system would not give surgeons accessibility to some vessels, which they entailed to replace. Additionally, it resulted to severe complications such as trauma, complications associated with sternotomy and threats of chest infection among others. Moreover, the system was costly and resulted to a patient staying in hospital for so long (43days) after surgery (Chang 3). Certainly, these loopholes presented by the CABG system called for innovation of another system. Hence, this led to the contraption of Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting. The system, according to the case study, intrigued many surgeons for it was a less-invasive method as a remedy for coronary artery disease. Additionally, it did not require incision in the chest, thereby making it a perfect alternative for CABG system. Despite all the advantages, the innovators failed to control re-narrowing of the arteries (restenosis). Its worse state emerges after 6 months of surgery whereby restenosis would occur resulting to the formation of a similar plaque in the artery (Chang 4). Fortunately, physicians developed the stent, which significantly reduced restenosis occurrence though it did eliminate the

On Conflict Settlement Essay Example for Free

On Conflict Settlement Essay Schick (1995) defines a conflict as a â€Å"distinctive structure of desires and a belief† (p. 58). A conflict arises when an agent wants x and y wherein x and y are the only options available to the agent. Given this situation, an agent may choose to react in two ways. First, the agent may choose to avoid the conflict or second, the agent may choose to resolve the conflict. In the resolution of a conflict, the agent starts to think rationally by seizing to think that the options available to him involves choosing both x and y or losing both x and y. In this sense, the agent enables the resolution of the conflict through an internal mediation of his or her desires. The same thing applies when it comes to interpersonal conflict. The difference between the two merely lies in the existence of a particular situation wherein the desires and beliefs of two or more agents tend to counter that of the other. This shows the manner in which conflicts enable the â€Å"balancing of power† within an agent or within a group (Rummel, 1991, p. 76). The balancing of powers resulting from the occurrence of a conflict enables the balancing of the following elements: interests, capabilities, and wills. Rummel (1991) notes â€Å"conflict is a balancing of individual interests, capabilities, and wills. It is a simultaneous solution to the equations of power† (p. 77). Within an interpersonal conflict, it does not necessarily mean that the agent(s) whose beliefs and desires take precedence over the other is the agent(s) who hold power within a group. The balance of powers refers to the mutual satisfaction of the different and contending interests within a group. In other words, the balance of powers may be understood as the result of the mediation within an interpersonal conflict. In the previous presentation, one of the groups presented steps that may be followed in case a conflict arises. The steps that they provided involve the agent(s) development of self-awareness. The importance of self-awareness here can be seen if one considers that it is only through the agent(s) identification of the clashing beliefs and desires that the agent(s) will be able to achieve the resolution of the conflict. This was shown by the group through a skit that they presented in class. One might note that in the skit itself, the group was able to present that failure to develop awareness may lead to aggression which might further enhance the conflict at hand. The importance of this skit does not lie in its means of providing an example for those who were present; it also enabled the audience’s direct experience of a conflict. Deutsch et al (2006) notes, â€Å"observing models deal effectively with difficult situations allows the observer to achieve greater freedom in coping with current and future problems of all sorts (p. 309). Despite of this, the group however, was unable to show that resolution and aggression are not the only means in which a conflict may end. Matthews and Roberts (2004) notes that conflicts may also lead to â€Å"collaboration and appeals to authority† (p. 451). Although one might state that this also leads to the resolution of a conflict in the sense that it ends a conflict, it is important to note that conflicts that end in this manner further breeds the creation of further disagreements amongst the agent(s) involved. Matthews and Roberts (2004) further notes that in the resolution of a conflict, there are certain skills which individuals should learn. These involve â€Å"active listening, assertiveness, expression of feelings in appropriate ways, empathy and perspective taking, cooperation, negotiation, and methods for countering bias† (p. 451). Although the group was unable to present all of these point, they were able to relay well the information that they had prepared for the presentation. In summary, given the time constraints on the group, I think the group was able to relay helpful information that will aid the members of the audience in the process of understanding and handling situations that may lead to both personal and interpersonal conflict. References Deutsch, M. et al. (2006). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Matthews, G. R. Roberts. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Rummel, R. (1991). The Conflict Helix. London: Transaction Publishers. Schick, F. (1997). Making Choices: A Recasting of Decision Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Study of Impact Shocks in Fencing

Study of Impact Shocks in Fencing Abstract Fencing is a high intensity sport involving dynamic movements which expose the musculoskeletal system to high impact forces that may lead to overuse injuries. One of the most frequently used high impact movements is the lunge. With many different types of sports footwear available providing different levels of midsole cushioning, selecting the most suitable for a sport may be a factor in preventing the onset of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitudes of the transient axial impact shock experienced at the tibia between traditional fencing shoes and standard athletic footwear during the impact phase of the fencing lunge. Peak tibial shock was measured in 19 male fencers in 4 different footwear conditions using an accelerometer placed on the distal aspect of the tibia. The standard footwear resulted in significant reductions in peak impact shock in comparison to the traditional fencing shoes. Thus the reduction in impact shock found suggests that running or squas h specific footwear may reduce overuse injury occurrence. However, despite this, the majority of participants indicated that they preferred fencing specific footwear for fencing. The results of this study suggest that there is justification for a re-design of fencing shoes. Introduction Competitive fencing (foil, sabre and epee) has experienced a rapid increase in participation rates during the past decade (Harmer, 2008). The sport places unique demands on the athlete and is characterised by asymmetry and the incidence of rapid motions which have the potential to generate large forces (Geil, 2002). In particular, the frequently used lunge which is the basis of most attacking motions is a high impact movement (Kopetka Stewart, 2005). The expansion in participation combined with the biomechanical demands of the sport has led to enhanced awareness of the incidence of injuries associated with fencing. Nonetheless, prospective, epidemiological studies of the incidence of repetitive strain and overuse injuries in fencing are scarce. As a result, it is difficult to draw dependable conclusions regarding the etiology of fencing injuries and their prevention based on impartial information (Roi Bianchedi, 2008). However existing studies indicate that overuse injuries account for approximately 30% of injuries that interfere with training (Carter et al., 1993). The majority of injuries are confined to the lower extremities (e.g., stress fractures, impingement enthesopathies of the patellar tendon and tibia and plantar fascia) associated with fencing (Harmer, 2008, Wild et al., 2001; Zemper Harmer, 1996) characteristic of dynamic activities involving high velocity change in momentum actions (Harmer, 2008). No apparent data has been published providing information regarding the total number of lunges executed during a competitive bout. However, Roi and Bianchedi (2008) suggest that there are anywhere between 66 and 210 attacks (depending on the weapon) during a competition, which given the lunges function as the most common attacking mechanism, it appears that fencers will be regularly subjected to the impact forces imposed by the lunge. One of the characteristics of the foot impacting the surface during a lunge is a rapid change in velocity of the foot and this velocity reaches zero upon foot placement in a short period of time (Whittle, 1999). This impact leads to the transmission of an axial transient shock wave through the body and carries with it the potential for injury. It is important to recognise that loading is necessary for maintenance of cartilage, bone, and muscle health (Stone, 1988). An optimal loading window for tissue strength can be characterized by frequent impacts of certain magnitude, duration, and frequency. Movements beyond the optimal loading window can lead to the breakdown of body tissue and overuse injuries (Hardin et al., 2003). The magnitude of the impact shock is commonly measured using accelerometers. Accelerometers are traditionally placed onto the skin overlying the tibia to quantify the transient impact shockwave during motion. Despite the consensus that soft tissue interferes with the acceleration recording of underlying bone, the utilization of skin mounted devices is considered appropriate provided they are lightweight and rigidly attached to the overlying skin (Shorten and Windslow, 1992). This method has been used to examine the cushioning properties of athletic footwear (Lake Greenhalgh, 2005) and better differentiates between impact conditions compared to data acquired using a force platform (Lafortune Hennig, 1992). The high impact nature of the lunge implies that the lower extremities may be at risk from overuse injuries. To date there is no information available regarding the potentially detrimental effect of the impact accelerations experienced during this movement. However, epidemiological studies suggest that a relationship exists between the magnitude of the transient shockwave and the etiology of a number of lower extremity overuse injuries (Nigg Segesser, 1992). Therefore with a significant number of lunges being undertaken by a fencer and the potential connection between the magnitude of the impact shockwave and the incidence of overuse injuries makes it important to investigate the shock attenuation properties of fencing footwear. The 1992 U.S Fencing Association review of the factors that may contribute to fencing injuries indicates that of the three primary areas for prevention, deficient equipment and facilities may be responsible for as many as 28% of the injuries associated with fencing, with ineffective footwear forming a significant component (Carter et al., 1993). The review noted problems with fencing shoes citing inadequate cushioning as well as the lack of footwear designs that could shield against the high impact nature of the sport, particularly lunging. To reduce injury, Zemper and Harmer (1996) have suggested a redesign of fencing shoes. The primary function of athletic footwear as described by Stacoff et al., (1988) is to provide shock attenuation. The properties of athletic footwear have been linked to the prevention of overuse injuries. With many different types of sports footwear available providing different levels of midsole cushioning, selecting the most suitable for a sport can be vital in preventing the onset of injury. Fencing equipment retailers in the UK offer very few options for specific footwear, with only 2 major brands on offer (Adidas and Hi Tec). It also appears that the fencing shoe has been more specifically designed for the function of the trail foot to enable good grip on the piste as well as maximising the life span of the shoe if dragging the back foot, which is common in fencing. The limited availability of specific shock attenuating footwear to the fencer may predispose fencers to overuse injuries. The majority of studies analyzing the influence of different footwear conditions on impact kinetics have focused on running. Therefore, the aim of the present study was twofold. First, to assess the magnitude of the peak axial tibial transient accelerations associated with the lunge in fencing to provide practitioners with information regarding the potential causes of injury. Secondly, to compare two specific fencing shoes with two standard sports shoes (running and squash) with regards to their shock attenuating properties during the lunge movement. In particular, it was predicted that peak axial transient accelerations were lower in shoes which have been particularly developed for shock absorbing qualities (running and squash shoes) in comparison to fencing shoes during the stance phase of the fencing lunge. Methods Participants Nineteen male (17 right handed and 2 left handed) competitive fencers with a minimum of 2 years experience (Age 25.6 + 8.3 years; Height 1.78 + 0.5 m; Weight 76.8 + 9.0 kg) comprising a mixture of the foil (n=2), epee (n=15) and sabre (n=1) disciplines, volunteered to take part in this study. All were injury free at the time of data collection and completed an informed consent form. The procedure was approved by a university ethical board. Materials Each participant was fitted with four pairs of shoes for the study. The shoes were the same for each participant; they differed in size only (sizes 9 and 10 mens UK sizes) and consisted of a conventional running shoe (Saucony Grid forum), squash shoe (Hi-Tec squash indoor) and fencing shoes (Hi-Tec blade) and (Adidas en guard). A tri-axial (Biometircs ACL 300) accelerometer sampling at 1000Hz was utilized to measure axial accelerations at the tibia. The device was mounted on a piece of lightweight carbon-fibre material. The combined weight of the accelerometer and mounting instrument was 9g. The voltage sensitivity of the signal was set to 100mV/g, allowing adequate sensitivity with a measurement range of  ± 100 g. The device was attached securely to leading leg on the distal anterio-medial aspect of the shank 8 cm above the medial maleolus in alignment with its longitudinal axis. This location was selected as the boniest prominence of the distal tibia in accordance with the Nokes et al., (1984) conclusions to improve the mechanical coupling of the accelerometer mounting to the tibia and reduce artefact due to interposing soft-tissue. The accelerometer was positioned so that acceleration was measured in the direction up the tibia (Figure 1). Strong adhesive tape was placed over the device and the lower leg to avoid overestimating the peak positive acceleration due to tissue artefact. The device was attached as close to the tibia as possible, the skin on overlying the bone itself was stretched thus ensuring a more rigid coupling between accelerometer and tibia. Furthermore, adhesive tape was positioned over the device itself to ensure it was maintained in a fixed position along the longitudinal axis of the tibia. The acceleration signal was sent to a Biometrics data logger with a 2 GB memory card. The data logger was fastened securely to a lightweight backpack to reduce movement of the device during trials. Procedure The fencers completed a suitable warm-up and were allowed two minutes to familiarize themselves with the experimental protocol and footwear condition prior to the commencement of data collection. They were then required to complete ten lunges hitting a dummy with their weapon in each footwear condition whilst returning to a starting point (pre-determined by each participant prior to the commencement of data capture) following each trial to control lunge distance. Each trial was comprised of a lunge where contact between the sword and dummy defined a successful outcome. The starting point for the movement was adjusted and maintained. The order in which the different footwear conditions were worn was randomized. Upon conclusion of the data collection participants were asked to subjectively indicate which shoe they preferred for fencing. Kinetic data was quantified/processed using Biometrics data-log software. The stance phase of each trial was acquired from each accelerometer signal for analysis. Peak positive axial tibial acceleration was defined as the highest positive acceleration peak measured during the stance phase after a 60Hz 1st order low pass filter had been implemented in accordance with the Lake and Greenhalgh (2005) recommendations. The mean values of the footfalls per participant/condition for the axial component of the acceleration signal was quantified and used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable including means and standard deviations. Differences between footwear conditions were examined via a within subjects repeated measures analysis of variance with significance accepted at the p Results A statistical power analysis of pilot data was conducted in order to reduce the likelihood of a type II error and determine the minimum number of participants needed for this investigation. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to provide more than 80% of statistical power in the experimental measure. Figure 2 provides the mean and standard deviations for the peak tibial accelerations for the four different shoe types. The Mauchlys sphericity assumption was violated and as such the degrees of freedom of the F statistic was adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser correction. The Shapiro-Wilk statistic for each footwear condition confirmed that the data was normally distributed. The analysis of variance was significant (F (1.97, 35.52) = 16.31; P Discussion The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the magnitude of the transient acceleration between traditional fencing shoes and standard athletic footwear during the impact phase of the fencing lunge. The results of this study support our hypothesis, in that the magnitudes of the axial impact shockwaves were significantly lower in both the running and squash shoes compared to the traditional fencing footwear. The transient shockwave is linked to the development of a variety of overuse injuries (Whittle, 1999). It is essential to acknowledge the link between the magnitude of these forces and overuse injuries, as the frequency of these conditions can be reduced by attenuating the impact magnitude (Whittle, 1999). Therefore the significant reduction in impact shock found would suggest that running/squash footwear may assist in the reduction of overuse injury occurrence. Interestingly, despite the higher impact magnitude and concerns regarding the potential development of overuse injuries, the majority of participants indicated that they preferred fencing specific footwear for fencing. This finding agrees with those of Geil (2002) who hypothesized that this finding centred on plantar sensory proprioceptive mechanisms, whereby the feel of the fencing piste underneath the foot is reduced in shoes that offer a high degree of midsole cushioning. Geil (2002) suggested that footwear may influence fencing performance. They noted that increased midsole cushioning and travel of the foot during compression may lead to slower motion of the feet, which in turn could contribute to diminished velocity of the weapon hand, reducing the overall execution quality of the movement itself. Based on these findings it appears that midsole cushioning properties should play only a partial role in the design characteristics of an effective fencing shoe. Fencing involves a number of movement strategies in addition to the lunge, and as such shoe designs must cater to this. Fencers like most athletes require sure footing during competition; as such footwear designs must deliver adequate traction to provide stability during lunging, attacking and retreating motions. Furthermore, the medial forefoot of the trail shoe is an area traditionally subjected to high abrasion forces and thus heavy wear. Manufacturers should therefore focus attention on developing more resistant materials for this purpose to prolong the lifespan of the shoe. Whilst shock attenuation is the primary function of midsole cushioning, the elastic energy stored and recovered by cushioning systems has been proposed as a mechanism by which the oxygen cost of movement can be reduced. Given the aerobic demands the sport of fencing places on the athlete (Roi Bianchedi, 2008) additional research should focus on this factor as it may serve to slow the onset of fatigue and improve performance. The results of this study however, suggest that there is some justification for the Zemper and Harmer (1996) recommendations regarding the re-design of fencing shoes due to the demonstrated high transient impact forces on the front foot during the lunge. The primary design dilemma facing footwear manufacturers is to include features that would serve to attenuate the large impact forces and help reduce overuse injuries. At the same time, the design characteristics should also provide the fencer with an adequate feel for the fencing piste beneath the foot. The severe angle between foot-segment and ground on initial contact is also significant when designing the shoe. The shoe cushioning system must therefore provide protection in the extreme rear of the heel, an area not normally associated with consistent high impact forces in other sports. The obvious asymmetry of the sport presents a challenge to footwear manufacturers and arguments can be made for the development of asymmetrical footwear designs. Several different surfaces in fencing are used. Surface stiffness can have a significant influence on the magnitude of the impact shock during landing (Kim et al., 1994). This study was conducted during training sessions on a training surface as opposed to a traditional piste used during competition thus the results obtained may not adequately represent actual competition. During competition a hard floor can be used, as well as a metallic piste (either a cloth placed over the hard floor or a hard metallic piste). Future research should therefore concentrate on the magnitude of the impact shock during competition on a true fencing piste. Limitations Accelerometry is a complicated approach and methodological problems can affect the efficacy of collected data (Lake and Greenhalgh 2005). The magnitude of the signal obtained from the accelerometer is dependent on the mounting interaction, making cross study comparisons difficult. Soft tissue artefact can also influence the acceleration recording of underlying bone (Light et al., 1980). Attaching the device directly to bone represents the most accurate method of measuring impact shock and further work is necessary to determine the efficacy of the less traumatic skin mounting technique. The device signal is also reliant on the centripetal acceleration due to angular motion of the shank in the sagittal plane during ground contact (Lafortune and Hennig 1991). Lake and Greenhalgh (2005) noted that despite the application of a distally mounted device, correction for angular motion may still be necessary. Further research should be conducted to investigate the necessary signal corrections for angular motion. Another potential limitation/restriction of this study is that the results obtained are entirely specific to the footwear and ground surface conditions, any variation in these parameters would most likely cause changes to the participants fencing kinetics/kinematics. In addition this study analyzed the lunge motion only. The lunge represents a high impact motion; however there are other movements of lower intensity which may still be important in terms of the development of overuse injuries. Therefore, additional research is necessary regarding the influence of footwear on the magnitude of the transient shockwave during different fencing movements before appropriate prescriptions of fencing footwear can be made. References Carter, C., Heil, J., and Zemper E. (1993). What hurts and why Data from the 1992 USFA Fencing Injury Survey shows some common culprits. American Fencing. 43, p 16-17. Geil, M.D. (2002). The Role of Footwear on Kinematics and Plantar Foot Pressure in Fencing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 18, p 155-162. Harmer, P.A. (2008). Getting to the point: injury patterns and medical care in competitive fencing. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 7, 303-307. Kim, W., Voloshin, A.S., and Johnson S.H. (1994). Modelling of the heel strike transients during running. Human Movement Science, 13, 221-244. Kopetka, B., and Stewart, S.L. (2005).The kinematic determinants of speed in the fencing lunge. (Part 1). Journal of Sports Sciences, 2, 105. Lafortune, M., and Hennig, E. (1991). Contribution of angular motion and gravity to tibial acceleration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 360-363. Lafortune, M. A., Hennig, E. M. (1992). Cushioning properties of footwear during walking: accelerometer and force platform measurements. Clinical Biomechanics, 7, 181-184. Lake, M.J. (2000). Determining the protective function of sports footwear. Ergonomics, 43, 1610-1621. Lake, M.J., and Greenhalgh, A. (2005). Impact shock measurements during running correction for angular velocity of the shank is necessary. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Nigg, B.M., Segesser, B. (1992). Biomechanical and orthopaedic concepts in sport shoe construction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 595-602. Nokes, L., Fairclough, J.A., Mintowt-Czyz, W.J., Mackie, I., and Williams, J., (1984). Vibrational analysis of human tibia: The effect of soft tissue on the output from skin mounted accelerometers. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 6, 223-226. Roi, G.S., and Bianchedi, D. (2008). The Science of Fencing Implications for Performance and Injury Prevention. Sports Medicine, 38, 465-481. Shorten, M.R., and Winslow, D.S. (1992). Spectral Analysis of Impact Shock During Running. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 8, 288-304. Stacoff, A., Denoth, J., Kaelin, X., and Stuessi, E. (1988). Running injuries and shoe construction: some possible relationships. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, 342-357. Whittle, M.W. (1999). The generation and attenuation of transient forces beneath the foot; a review. Gait and Posture, 10, 264-275. Wild, AM., Jaeger, C., Poehl, C., Werner, A., Raab, P., and Krauspe, R. (2001). Morbidity profile of high performance fencers. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 15, 59-61. Zemper, E.D., Harmer, P.A. (1996). Fencing. In D.J. Calne, C.G. Caine, K.J. Lindner (ed.), Epidemiology of Sports Injuries (pp 186-195). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.

Islam and Gender Equality in Turkey Essay -- Islam

Unlike its other Islamic neighbors, Turkey abolished Sharia law and became a secular nation in the 1920s. As a result, women in Turkey had rights and freedoms not enjoyed by women in any other predominantly Islamic country (Arat 870). The first president of the newly transformed country was named Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who wore western-style clothing. Though Turkey was secular, it was not democratic, as one party ruled (Arat 870). By the 1950s things began to change again as Turkey transitioned to a multi-party system and the Islamists began to campaign more loudly and publicly for the right to practice their faith in public (Arat 871). Turkey has attempted to move toward a two party, more European type of system, or as one article terms it â€Å"Blairism† in reference to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, since the 1990s (CoÅŸar & Ãâ€"zman 234). But its history and predominant Islamist religious tradition is always present as a backdrop, exerting an influence, which has ebbed and flowed over the years. Because of its history and religious background, Turkey, which sits literally, figuratively, and philosophically, like a bridge between Europe and the Middle East, has something of a dual personality. In particular, unlike many of its European neighbors, the voices of women face more of a struggle to be heard in the political cacophony. Turkey is in a unique position of straddling the West and the Middle East, and its cultural pendulum has swung wildly between the two disparate cultures. At any given moment, a significant number of women in Turkey are in the position of feeling as if their rights are being curtailed, whether the country is in a more secular or Islamic phase. As detailed in the articles examined, when Turkey is se... ...other nations with two very divergent cultural traditions in recent years. The gulf between the Republican and Democratic parties in the US or even the different world views of evangelical Christians as opposed to those who practice mainstream or even no religion in the US looks much smaller when compared with the diversity between the two politically dominant cultures in Turkey. â€Æ' Works Cited Arat, Yesim. â€Å"Religion, Politics and Gender Equality in Turkey: implications of a democratic paradox?† Third World Quarterly 31.6 (2010): 869-884. Print. Turam, Berna. â€Å"Turkish Women Divided by Politics.† International Feminist Journal of Politics 10.4 (2008): 475-494. Print. CoÅŸar, Simten, and Aylin Ãâ€"zman. "Representation Problems of Social Democracy in Turkey." Journal of Third World Studies 25.1 (2008): 233-252. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.

A Characters View, Drugstore Cowboy Essay

One page essay for Theater 19 acting class Due March 13 2012 By Charles (Chuck) Borges March 13th 5:30am This short essay is about a character in the film â€Å"Drugstore Cowboy† Bob. This is what I think his character is like, and what’s going on in his life before this next scene. Bob is a ringleader or mastermind of an underdeveloped group of drug store robbing addicts who Procure their vices by stealing them from local pharmacies. Bob likes doing drugs. He likes the whole lifestyle. While in the proses of robbing these establishments, Bob gets a euphoric Sense of power. The adrenalin rush is like no other. He risks going to jail, and losing his Freedom to obtain that rush at any expense. As long as it doesn’t come out of pocket. You see, Bob is a poor man†¦ He’s a hype that can shoot up enough dope to kill a horse. But that was then, and this is now. As he sits and ponders his mass confusion that he Called a life, in a small room, in some apartment complex, ran by a person like himself. An X Junkie named Tom. To say the last six months have been easy on Bob would be a lie. Sobriety Is kicking his ass and He’s starting to feel bored and becoming restless at work. Not a good sign. The daily grind was starting to bore into Bob like a drill bit. The addiction was winning its way Back into his life and he knew it. Bob’s life was better now. He has his boring job, boring apartment, boring life. But all in all, a respectable existence, surrounded by regular people with regular, Similar lives. But he’s still feeling alone and thinking of the good times he used to have with a Certain somebody he shared his tawdry past with. He’s feeling melancholy about the way he left her, but knowing that deep in his heart , it was the best solution from a destructive path. But still he is wondering to himself ,† I wonder what ever happened to my buddy who’s girlfriend died, and if they will ever find her body . † I’m thinking , he’s wondering â€Å" Is Diane alright?

We Beat the Street Essay Example

We Beat the Street Essay Example We Beat the Street Essay We Beat the Street Essay By: Nnamdi Anige In the book We beat the street Dr. Hunt, Dr, Jenkins and, Dr, Davis show how you do not have to get caught up in everything your friends do. When you do make mistakes, learn from those mistakes. These 3 doctors beat the hood, stealing, and jail in their neighborhood by staying positive. One thing they show in the book is how they beat the hood. For example â€Å"Quit throwin bottles in the street, man† (21). This shows how they would not let their neighborhood be destroyed and say that do not have a good neighborhood but they were ones making it bad. Also they did things that were bad but, they did not do it again. They were scared so they decide not to do it anymore. For example â€Å"We gonna jack us some ICEE’s from Jack’s† (31). They did a bad thing by trying to steal the ICEE’s from Jack’s but they learned from it and did not do it again. The 3 men also blocked another stint in jail by not doing the same thing or hanging with the bad people who got them in the whole situation. For example â€Å"Never again; I will not going to waste my life this way† (121). He is showing his determination not to go back to jail. He knows what he did and he knows how to learn from what he did. We all know that you’re supposed to learn from your mistakes and not to get caught up in what everybody else does. We sometimes forget this advice but we still choose to do these things that we regret. It helps when you do not do those things we regret again like the 3 doctors in the book. You too can beat the hood, the game, anything as long as you stay positive. Work Citation Davis, Sampson, George Jenkins, and Rameck Hunt. We Beat the Street. New York: Puffin, 2005.

How to Make a Good Impression with the Appearance in College

How to Make a Good Impression with the Appearance in College On College: How Personal Appearance Makes a Good Impression Most of the tips I provide to my audience concern college life. Apart from sharing my experience in academics, such as how to conduct research, manage time, and communicate with professors, I also like discussing real-life topics, which are not related to studying directly but influence the quality of college life. Why do I do it? Because such things as etiquette, personal appearance, or manners are rarely discussed with students but they are vital. So, for just a few minutes, try not to think about your busy studying schedule and learn how to make a good impression. Rule #1. Smell Well Many students think that appearance is how people look, but smell is also a part of their appearance. And this is crucial, Id say, because who cares what you look like if you stink? To put it in a nutshell: people shouldnt be able to tell whether you have been running or working in the gym just by standing next to you. Neither should they be bothered by the smell of your perfume, so dousing your body in it is not a good idea. Here is a few more things that can make you smell bad: Home cooking You might not even feel it, but the smell of your morning breakfast lingers on your hair and clothes and some people might find it annoying. Bad breath Its not that difficult to carry a chewing gum around, is it? Sure, you shouldnt have it in your mouth during an important conversation or in class, but it can save you the trouble of embarrassment because of bad breath. Rule #2. Clean Hair The Frenchmen say: if you look bad, wash your hair. I couldnt agree more because nice hair automatically makes you look healthy and refreshed. One more thing you should pay attention to is dandruff. Unsightly as they are, the tiny flakes of dead skin create an impression of a persons careless attitude to others. Today, with an abundance of special shampoos, taking care of dandruff shouldnt be a problem. However, if your case is serious and you cant get rid of dandruff fast, try something creative, like wearing a nice scarf or a snapback. Rule #3. Dress Appropriately No matter how cute your uggs are, wearing them to a formal meeting is not a good idea. Similarly, save your short dresses, torn jeans, and bright T-shirts for informal events. Although you might say that your style helps you demonstrate your individuality, inappropriate clothes will prevent you from making a good impression when it really matters. Im not saying that your clothes should be boring, though. However, make sure that your trendy stuff does not reveal the color of your underwear to an admission officer. Do not underestimate the importance of personal appearance. Of course, these are your talents, skills, and personality that matter, but dont let small things distract peoples attention from who you really are.

6 Ways to Pay for Private School

6 Ways to Pay for Private School Attending a boarding school isnt cheap, we all know that. And today, many tuitions can cost a family as much as $70,000 a year (now multiply that by four years). Most private schools seem to be topping out around $45,000 to $55,000 a year, but some go well above that amount. Day school tuition typically runs about half that cost, or even less, depending on where you live. Even the primary grades cost a fortune these days. Paying for a private school education requires tremendous sacrifice for most parents. So how do you do it? How do you manage to pay for private school  tuition over the course of your childs education? Here are six ways you can manage those large tuition bills. Earn Cash Back on Tuition Payments Most schools expect payment of fees in two installments: one due in the summer, typically by July 1, and the other due in the late fall, typically by the end of November of the current academic year. Other schools may do their billing by semester or term though, so it varies. But, a little tip that not many families know is that schools will permit payment with a credit card. Simply make your tuition payment twice a year on a credit card with a rewards program, like a cash back card or one that will earn miles,  and then make your regularly scheduled monthly payments on the card. Lump Sum Discounts Schools always hate chasing down families who are late on their bills, which can have some negative results. But if you work with the school and pay your bill upfront, its often met with a discount. If youre able to pay your tuition bill in full by July 1, the school may offer you a  five to ten percent discount on the overall amount. Discount plus earning cash back with credit card payments? That sounds like a deal to me.   Tuition Payment Plans Not everyone can make lump sum payments and use a credit card to do so. For those families, there are still plenty of options. Most schools participate in tuition payment plans which are offered by outside providers, if not the school itself. The way these plans work is that you pay one-tenth of the expenses each month to the payment plan provider, which in turn pays the school on an agreed basis. It can be a real boon to your cash flow by allowing the payments to be spread equally over a number of months. The schools like the fact that they dont have to manage your billing. Its a win-win.   Financial Aid and Scholarships Almost every school offers some form of financial aid. You have to file an application for aid with the school and also file a standardized form, such as the Parents Financial Statement. The amount of aid which you can reasonably expect depends to a great extent on the size of the schools endowment, how much the school really wants to recruit your child, and how the school allots its scholarships. Several schools now offer a virtually free education if your family income is below $60,000 to $75,000 annually. So, if you need financial aid, see what the various schools on your short list can offer. Finally, be sure to ask around in your community. Many civic and religious groups provide scholarships. Loans Just like in college, loans are an option to pay for private school, though these are usually in the parents names, while college loans are often in the students names. Families have the ability to borrow against their assets to pay for private school education. There are also some specialized educational loan programs available, and your private school might offer or contract with a loan program, as well. It is always a good idea to consult your tax adviser and financial planner before making a major financial decision such as this. Company Benefits Many major corporations will pay for tuition and related educational expenses for dependent children of expatriate employees. So if you are posted to Belgium tomorrow, the main issue you will face is getting your children into the local international school. Fortunately for you, the tuition expenses will be paid for you by your company. Ask your Human Resources department for details. Edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements - Essay Example This essay reflects on the advertising strategies of these companies in terms of models and media employed, target audience, approaches to advertisements, consumers’ appeal, effectiveness of these strategies and congruent success in the market. The view of the essay is to employ a critical analysis approach in order to present a unique comparison and contrasting of the advertising approach of the two multinational companies. Additionally, the rhetorical presentation of the company’s products is analyzed within this paper in order to define the effectiveness of each of the company’s marketing communication images and messages. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola present their brands in a very convincing manner. This is regardless of numerous differences in approach which are used by these two companies. More notable though is the rivalry and wars which evidently exist between these companies in their marketing and promotion projects, campaigns and advertisements (Behrooz 10) . The influence that the two companies impact on the market is based on the fact that they have laid large budgets for advertising their products. As a result, Pepsi and Coke adverts are common place. They frequently appear on television commercials, radio, billboards and at promotional events and campaigns such as sports sponsorship (Odell 1). Because of the approach that the companies have employed, their popularity has grown significantly within various markets and segments. Popularity of a company leads to a conviction within a customer or potential consumer that the company is authentic and as a result its products are superior and are of a high quality. It is arguable that both of these companies have attained this though at different levels. The advertisements of Coke and Pepsi have achieved different levels of influence on their target market. For example, Pepsi is leading within the youth market segment because of the youthful language, style, culture and images which it pr esents within its commercials (PR Newswire 1). On the other hand, Coke has attained more success in the market because of its strategy of targeting a wider market (Behrooz 5). The rhetoric that is expressed within the company’s marketing strategy is demonstrated by the fact that the companies placed insiders of each other’s advertising units to provide intelligence information for marketing strategy (Behrooz 12). Even though this approach reflects the height of market rivalry, it is evident that regardless of notable differences in marketing strategy, the commercials of these companies have been planned, designed and planned based on insider information that they steal from each other. The feelings and emotions that the consumers attain from the advertising strategies of these companies are very paramount even though it is achieved through different approaches. For example Pepsi initially relied upon celebrities, such as pop and film starts or cricket players, in its c ommercials (Behrooz 14). This was aimed at arousing feelings and emotions within the consumers especially those who were affiliated with film, pop music and sports. As a result Pepsi was able to connect the feelings of the consumers for stars and sports to the love for the Pepsi brand. This strategy is attributed to the increased performance of the company within the market. Coke also employs strategies of arousing feelings within

My experience in the English 105 class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My experience in the English 105 class - Essay Example Discovering what I like writing about has significantly influenced my attitude towards writing. I now engage in the skill as an enjoyable activity instead of viewing it as a task. A major part of writing that has contributed to my progress is research. Studying my environment and researching on previous works have been the main tools of my writing processes. A good example of my experience with my environment is the study of how the manufacturing community functions and how each individual is a participant in the manufacturing community. I discovered that all people have a role to play in the community growth. I recognize that, to become a better writer, I must be able to consult with establish authors as mentors and for inspiration. Consulting with my tutor and instructor is also a significant part of my progress. The process has led me to recognize the various areas where my writing skills are lacking and to make appropriate revision. Due to these consultation sessions, I have lear nt to ask the appropriate questions in writing, to critically analyze ideas while integrating them with the ideas of others as well as how to make logical and strong arguments of my own. The use of various references in my all my written composition depicts my use of existing ideas to develop my own arguments. These three main aspects of writing have evolved through my interactions with my tutor, thus making me more dependent on my own ideas than on already existing ideas. Furthermore, my writing has become more critical and analytical. I am no longer simply writing stories but integrating ideas to formulate a composition that contributes to a certain field of knowledge. My writing has also changed my use of language through the continuous revision of my previous works. My grammar and proper use of vocabulary has improved and my use of language varies depending on the intended reader.

Age discrimination in employment in the U.S Research Paper

Age discrimination in employment in the U.S - Research Paper Example Solis Hilda (2008) observes that ADEA prohibits discrimination on the basis of age in terms, conditions and privileges of employment such as hiring, promotion, termination, training, compensation and benefits. Despite this, employers find themselves stereotyping old age which according to the Act is any applicant or employee aged 40 years and above and hence discriminating against such employees. In â€Å"Age Discrimination by Employers,† Segrave Kerry (2001) argues that age discrimination is rampant in the most centralized and fastest growing industries. Age discrimination at work environment in the U.S is a result of the financial risks that older people present for companies due to lack of productivity, increased health insurance costs and high salaries. Productivity in employment is associated with high performance organizations and employees. It is achieved through use of high skilled, committed and motivated employees. Most employers view old people as having deteriorating physical and mental abilities hence unable to perform their jobs effectively despite the fact that some old people have the ability to perform better than young people. The nature of work keeps on changing as the economy moves from manufacturing to service sector. Most jobs thus require use of technology as opposed to manual skills held by older people. Young people are able to keep up with advancing technology as opposed to the old people who are nearing retirement age and hence see no need in investing in skill advancement. If they happen to lose their jobs, it is difficult for them to be absorbed in the job market due to lack of the required skills. For example, since the introduction of computers most jobs that require tedious paper work have been simplifie d. Information is recorded in the computer where it can be retrieved easily and large amount of work can be done with less time hence improved productivity. However, not many old people have learnt computer technology thus making

Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reading Summary - Essay Example to identify changing customers’ requirements, identify adjacencies that may complement its existing products and in general, developed new products that anticipate customers’ needs. The networked solution generates pool of creative ideas that are tested for their relevance and undergo comprehensive R&D, marketing research, marketing and other functions before they are launched. It has given P&G significant competitive advantage in the market. ‘Tapping the World’s Innovation Hot Spots’ informs one about the different ways firms innovate in order to meet their strategic goals. The authors have broadly identified five major models of innovations that are used by firms: focused factory; brute force; Hollywood; large-scale ecosystem; and system integration. Focused factory model concentrates on few tasks or fields using talent pool to innovate. Brute force utilizes large number of ideas to develop highly useful and creative products. Firms forge alliances with universities and academia to tap new ideas. Hollywood model helps create special place like Silicon Valley where smart entrepreneurs gather and thrash out new ideas for innovation. Large-scale ecosystem is developed as response to emergencies or external environment like economic breakdown. Initiatives are often taken by national governments that give incentives to domestic agencies. System integration refers to services including R&D facilities and infrastructure that may be used by other firms to align their corporate strategies with models of innovation that best complement their competencies or requirements. The article is important as it expands on firm’s innovation

Resource Allocation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Resource Allocation Report - Essay Example the project lifecycle.   Resource management begins with project initiation, when resource needs and strategies must be analyzed, specified and accepted as part of the project "charter" (IT Tool Kit, 2010). Above definition indicates that the term ‘resources’ does not only mean human resources or labor but it also covers other requirements of the project like raw material, electronics, costs, time, efforts, etc. there can be a number of things which can fall under the term ‘resources’. Resource planning falls in the initiation phase of the project life cycle where project/program manager needs to plan a feasibility of the requirement based analysis in order to form a project team, set deadlines, figure out possibility of the assigned timeline, calculate estimated costs, etc. once initial planning is done, allocation comes in. A program resource management is generally designed to have a direct connection to the overall corporate strategic plan. Composed of a series of similar projects, the goals of all projects within the program are typically consistent with one or more enterprise level strategic components (Tech Republic, 2005). Since project management is headed by project managers, resource allocation or assignment of tasks have to be handled by him in order to achieve the desired goals of the overall project. There may be over of under availability of the resources which he has to manage to achieve the three major elements that build the project; scope, budget, and schedule. This is a little different than the program management, according to which program managers have to look at the bigger picture where they have to check the availability of the resources as per all the active projects. If some resource is engaged with a particular project, he has to manage the conflict between project managers to not engage same resource in some other project. To understand project/program resource management clearly, we also need to understand portfolio

Personnel management vs. human resource management Essay

Personnel management vs. human resource management - Essay Example The philosophy ingrained behind HRM is that humans are the assets of an organization just like information and other. As such, pre-planned strategies have to be chalked out to properly manage the employees at work. It thus takes into account all internal or external factors that have a bearing on the performance levels of employees namely culture of organization, structure, value system, dependency on other departments and cross-functional teams, psychological traits of employees, peer and social group, etc. It is thus an inter-related strategic function focused primarily on quality of human output achieved (IQPC 2006). Evolution of HRM from Personnel Management As mentioned before, HRM has evolved from personnel management through successive stages. Initially, personnel management was just rephrased as human resources management with no major difference in understanding or practice. With increased impetus on enhanced performance demands, coherent people structure and need for a cent ral workforce policy, personnel management was re-conceptualized and named as human resources management with specific attention on four major employee areas- work systems, reward systems, employee influence and human resource flow (Poole 1999:98). However, with shifting focus from cost minimization to utility maximization, personnel management was made distinctive from human resources management as strategy crept into the latter. Thus, while personnel management regards people as workforce and treats matters on superficial levels reactively, human resources management adopts a proactive approach and considers people as assets and primary resource of an organization. Similarities between... Any new initiative in a business scenario first starts at operational level but with continued success and evident results;it turns strategic in its scope,implications,and implementations.One such management function is personnel management which started decades back as a mere administrative tool to control operational activities of workforce.With the change in mindset of businessmen and policy makers and with the consideration of workforce as human assets for an organization, personnel management turned strategic with incorporation of other ‘soft’ factors like performance, motivation, quality, behavior patterns, non-monetary benefits and above all, linkage between organizational objectives and human resource objectives.After analyzing the similarities and differences between personnel management and human resources management, it is pretty much obvious that differences outweigh the similarities. Similarities between the two are of very general nature which cannot serve as the basis for any academic analysis or discussion. It is the differing side which actually initiates the development of an opinion regarding how personnel management and human resources management and related. In modern context when globalization is taking the world by storm and responsibility of sustained competitive edge stays on people, these gaps between personnel management and human resources management will be widened.

Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reading Summary - Essay Example to identify changing customers’ requirements, identify adjacencies that may complement its existing products and in general, developed new products that anticipate customers’ needs. The networked solution generates pool of creative ideas that are tested for their relevance and undergo comprehensive R&D, marketing research, marketing and other functions before they are launched. It has given P&G significant competitive advantage in the market. ‘Tapping the World’s Innovation Hot Spots’ informs one about the different ways firms innovate in order to meet their strategic goals. The authors have broadly identified five major models of innovations that are used by firms: focused factory; brute force; Hollywood; large-scale ecosystem; and system integration. Focused factory model concentrates on few tasks or fields using talent pool to innovate. Brute force utilizes large number of ideas to develop highly useful and creative products. Firms forge alliances with universities and academia to tap new ideas. Hollywood model helps create special place like Silicon Valley where smart entrepreneurs gather and thrash out new ideas for innovation. Large-scale ecosystem is developed as response to emergencies or external environment like economic breakdown. Initiatives are often taken by national governments that give incentives to domestic agencies. System integration refers to services including R&D facilities and infrastructure that may be used by other firms to align their corporate strategies with models of innovation that best complement their competencies or requirements. The article is important as it expands on firm’s innovation

Personnel management vs. human resource management Essay

Personnel management vs. human resource management - Essay Example The philosophy ingrained behind HRM is that humans are the assets of an organization just like information and other. As such, pre-planned strategies have to be chalked out to properly manage the employees at work. It thus takes into account all internal or external factors that have a bearing on the performance levels of employees namely culture of organization, structure, value system, dependency on other departments and cross-functional teams, psychological traits of employees, peer and social group, etc. It is thus an inter-related strategic function focused primarily on quality of human output achieved (IQPC 2006). Evolution of HRM from Personnel Management As mentioned before, HRM has evolved from personnel management through successive stages. Initially, personnel management was just rephrased as human resources management with no major difference in understanding or practice. With increased impetus on enhanced performance demands, coherent people structure and need for a cent ral workforce policy, personnel management was re-conceptualized and named as human resources management with specific attention on four major employee areas- work systems, reward systems, employee influence and human resource flow (Poole 1999:98). However, with shifting focus from cost minimization to utility maximization, personnel management was made distinctive from human resources management as strategy crept into the latter. Thus, while personnel management regards people as workforce and treats matters on superficial levels reactively, human resources management adopts a proactive approach and considers people as assets and primary resource of an organization. Similarities between... Any new initiative in a business scenario first starts at operational level but with continued success and evident results;it turns strategic in its scope,implications,and implementations.One such management function is personnel management which started decades back as a mere administrative tool to control operational activities of workforce.With the change in mindset of businessmen and policy makers and with the consideration of workforce as human assets for an organization, personnel management turned strategic with incorporation of other ‘soft’ factors like performance, motivation, quality, behavior patterns, non-monetary benefits and above all, linkage between organizational objectives and human resource objectives.After analyzing the similarities and differences between personnel management and human resources management, it is pretty much obvious that differences outweigh the similarities. Similarities between the two are of very general nature which cannot serve as the basis for any academic analysis or discussion. It is the differing side which actually initiates the development of an opinion regarding how personnel management and human resources management and related. In modern context when globalization is taking the world by storm and responsibility of sustained competitive edge stays on people, these gaps between personnel management and human resources management will be widened.

Explain the Different Types of Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Explain the Different Types of Discrimination Essay Discrimination has many meaning and many different ways people can discriminate against others. Discriminations can be as simple as a person making a judgment against someone else by the way they dress or the way they speak or it can be the people are discriminated against (out casted/left out) because they choose to be different or have a disability or different colour of skin or even religion. Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person action based on prejudice which someone has of that individual and it can affect the targeted individual physically, this could be self-harm or eating disorders, intellectually, the individual won’t want to go to work because of how they are being treated, emotionally, which could be depression, anxiety, aggression, stress or fear, and finally, it can also affect them socially, because they might isolate themselves from the people around them which could result in the loss of friends and it may make some of their relationships with others strained because they think that everyone they know is going to treat them in the same way. The types of discrimination are: culture, disability, age, social class, gender, sexuality, health status and cognitive ability. The first type of discrimination is culture. This can be very important to some individuals because it shows their identity to other people and it is also the way in which they lead their life no matter what country they’re living in. Cultural discrimination means that when an individual from a different background or culture follows their cultures rules strictly; they are disliked by some people because they have a different lifestyle, following and they do not follow the same rules because of how they’ve been raised by their family. It is developed within the social group which they have been raised in; and it can change when they become mature enough to decide for themselves which culture best suited for them. In a profession in Health and Social Care it is important for everyone who is concerned to respect other people’s cultures. It is important for the individual because it gives them a sense of understanding and support, promotes their well-being and can also help their health. Also it is important to health and social care professionals because they see the benefits of their care value base and it underlines the importance of respecting an individual’s culture. Sometimes people see this as if the individual is receiving special treatment because they are different; which can make them feel angry or strong jealousy and as a result they will make the individual from a different culture feel isolated; which might make any relationships which the individual has strained and it can make them feel like they have no respect from anyone around them because of how they look or behave. In health and social care a lot of people work with and support people with varying degrees of disabilities. The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) makes it unlawful to discriminate against someone who has a disability. The act covers employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisations, education, buying and renting a property and transportation services. There has to be full access ability for anyone with a disability. However, people who are part of the same establishment might discriminate against a disabled person in a wheel chair or with a severe disability; by calling them disrespectful names and say that they don’t deserve to be a part of the establishment just because they are disabled in some way; and this can make the disabled person feel depressed and suffer from anxiety problems because if the same thing has been said enough times then they will believe that they don’t deserve an education or have the right to same things which a non-disabled person has the right to. Age discrimination occurs â€Å"when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age, without justification, or is harassed or victimised because of their age†. There have been some controversies regarding the dispensing of certain very expensive drugs to older people because of their shorter life expectancy due to their age. And as a result some people have argued that the money would be better spent on drugs for younger people. However, this would be denying a drug due to their age and would open the health service to considerable legal risk, and legal advice would be needed before discussions like this could happen. Also, sometimes when there are a lot of elderly people and only a few teenagers waiting to get on a bus and when the bus arrives at their stop the teenagers get onto the bus before the elderly people; the elderly people may decide to talk aggressively to the teenagers just because they are older and they feel that they are more important because they might have a disability. Social discrimination is the actual behaviour of those who treat others differently depending on their social situation, to pigeon-hole someone socially, such that someone on benefits is treated unfairly compared to that of someone who works for a living. Invariably its a dysfunctional psychology re-enforced by peer pressure to gear an individual’s thought processes to fail to take into account or assess another individuals sole circumstances before passing judgement. It is not really seen as a problem by the bearer of the discrimination unless the bearer directly experiences some similar discrimination. The social class of an individual is apparent from the area in which they live with their family; the higher the social class, the better the place is kept and maintained. This form of inequality has also infiltrated health and social care. In the foreword to a Department of Health education, the former Secretary of State for Health stated that the poor are more likely to get cancer than the rich, and their chances of survival are lower too; this letter carries on to say that health care is essentially a postcode lottery, which means that having access to health care is often determined by where an individual lives. However, in the Equality and Human Rights Commission it states â€Å"At the heart of human rights is the belief everybody should be treated equally and with dignity – no matter what their circumstances†. An individual cannot be discriminated against because of their gender; if they are however it refers to a bias towards one gender. In the vast majority of careers, this bias means that women do not obtain the same opportunities as men for everything from their initial health care education right through to the hiring process and workplace environment. Their career advancement is also smaller and slower in comparison with career advancement for men. On top of that, women and men may perform the same jobs, but women will receive fewer benefits and less pay than men. Under the Gender Equality Duty 2007, all organisations, including health and social care services, cannot discriminate unfairly due to a person’s gender. Equal rights of access, health care and rights must be adhered to. Sexuality is a very individual thing; although most people are ‘straight’, heterosexual, a significant percentage of the population are gay, bisexual, celibate or asexual. Unfair treatment on the basis of someone’s sexuality – or assumptions about their sexuality – is discrimination and has no place in the sport’s environment. Sexuality discrimination happens when someone is treated unfairly compared with others, because of their sexuality. It can also occur because someone makes assumptions about someone elses sexuality. Under the Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (the Act), it can be unlawful to do this. Under federal legislation, it can also be unlawful. The Act says it is against the law to treat people unfairly because of their sexuality, whether they are gay, lesbian, heterosexual or bisexual. The law also protects a person who identifies, or has identified, as a member of the opposite sex by living or seeking to live as a member of that sex. The law also protects sex workers working lawfully. Health status discrimination often occurs when an individual is diagnosed with HIV or AIDS. Sources of stigma include fear of illness, fear of contagion, and fear of death. Fear of illness and fear of contagion is a common reaction among health workers, co-workers, and caregivers, as well as the general population. Stigma is one means of coping with the fear that contact with a member of an affected group; by caring for or sharing utensils with a PLHA will result in contracting the disease. HIV-stigma is often layered on top of many other stigmas associated with such specific groups as homosexuals and commercial sex workers and such behaviours as drug abuse by using needles and casual sex. These behaviours are perceived as controllable and are therefore assigned more blame, receive less sympathy, but instead, more anger and are less likely to receive assistance as opposed to people with AIDS who were infected through circumstances where there was no control, such as receiving a blood transfusion. However, sometimes it can be difficult to make decisions regarding a person’s medical treatment; their expected quality of life after the treatment has been given and their overall life expectancy have to be seriously considered. And the people who are making these decisions for someone should always keep questioning their own assumptions and prejudices; and also do their best to balance the welfare of individual patients with broader funding considerations. Under section 2 of the Family Status Discrimination Ordinance (FSDO), family status means the status of a person who has the responsibility for the care of an immediate family member. An immediate family member is a person who is related by blood, marriage, adoption or affinity. However, this can lead to a variety of discriminations against members of the family; they can be against gay or lesbian parents, single parents, parents of different genders, parents of different races with mixed-race children and other family groupings. It can either direct or indirect discrimination, direct discrimination means that a person is treated unfavorably because of their family status and indirect discrimination means when a condition or requirement, that is not justifiable, is applied to everyone but in practice adversely affects persons who have family status; an example of this would be a company insists that all its employees work overtime and a widower who has responsibility for care of his young children cannot comply with that condition. The company then dismisses him. The complainant feels aggrieved because as a single parent he cannot comply with that condition. If the company cannot justify why each and every employee must meet that condition, it could be a case of indirect discrimination on the ground of family status. Cognitive disability is defined by some as bellow average intellectual function that adversely affects educational and adaptive performance. There are a broad range of disabilities that fit into this criterion. Cognition is the mental process of understanding and acquiring knowledge through the senses, thought and perception. A person with a cognitive disability may have difficulty with some or all of the following cognitive areas: memory formation or retrieval; attention span; reading and comprehension; problem solving; and visual input. Discriminating against someone because of their cognitive ability might arise because of a brain injury, a learning disability or difficulty or a person’s social class or education. It can be easy to determinate against people with cognitive disabilities but care must be taken not to do so. Valuing People Now is a government strategy which aims to improve the lives of people with learning disabilities and those of their families and carers.

FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security

FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Self-Versatile FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security A Research Report for the DSCI 60998 Capstone Project in Digital Sciences Course Vamsi Krishna Chanupati Ramya Ganguri Kent State University Fall Semester, 2016 Abstract Wireless communication networks are subjected to vulnerable attacks. The extent of attacks is rising day by day. The proposed work shows the extent of attacks growing in every-day life and a counter method to minimize the extent of these vulnerable attacks. Several studies shows that new and more stable security methods need to be developed by considering information safety, confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation in the wireless sensor networks. The proposed study shows a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security using application-independent core process IP, UDP and TCP protocols as well as ARP and ICMP message plots. The altered quickened figure outline utilizes information subordinate changes, and can be utilized for quick equipment, firmware, programming and WSN encryption frameworks. The approach exhibited demonstrated that figures utilizing this approach are more averse to endure interruption of differential cryptanalysis than as of now utili zed famous WSN figures like DES, Camellia. In this report an overview of existing FPGA algorithms for application level network security is examined and a new FPGA algorithm is proposed. Keywords: FPGA, WSN encryption, computer aided systems design. Introduction The Purpose of the Study (Statement of the Problem) With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally private clients  on the Web, the interest for fast information exchange has swelled. On a specialized level, this  has been accomplished by enhanced transmission advancements: 10 Gb/s Ethernet is now in  across the board reasonable use at the ISP and server farm levels, gauges for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s speeds have as of now been figured. The information volume exchanged at these velocities introduces a huge test to current efforts to establish safety, particularly while going past straightforward firewalls and additionally considering payload assessment, or even application- level conventions. Wireless Sensor Networks are most pre-dominant with this speeds and it is very difficult for customary programmable processors are to stay aware of these speeds. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a gathering of spatially dispersed, free gadgets that gather information by measuring the physical or ecological conditions. A portion of the conditions are being measured is temperature, weight, dampness, sound, position, lighting, and use data. These readings, as information, are gone through the network, are ordered and sorted out, and later it is conveyed to end client. WSNs are utilized for some applications like power framework controls, modern process checking and control, human wellbeing observing. Generally, these WSNs tend to require a considerable measure of energy to work, yet diminishing the power is needed for the framework, It builds the lifespan of the sensor gadgets and also leaving space for the battery-fueled applications. As an option, both programming customized committed system handling units and equipment quickening agents for these operations have been proposed. The utilization of reconfigurable rationale for the last permits more noteworthy adaptability than hardwiring the usefulness, while yet permitting full-speed operation. This research gives a detailed description of present day FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and examines the extent of security level standards in the existing FPGA algorithms. The proposed research study has free key preprocessing which gives elite in regular keys trade. The prime objective of this research is to design an application level network security algorithm using FPGA. This research incorporates the study of various possible threats and vulnerable attacks in wireless communications networks and their effects. It includes the detailed study of design and implementation of application level network security algorithms on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) The Justification/Significance of the Study This research proposes a self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security for application level wireless network security. A lot of research is required on wireless network security, to improve the performance efficiency and to make the system smart. The research on the latest trending technologies, and a proposed solution to a problem will be carried out in this project, hence it is justified. This research study is a part of huge project, which involves the use of FPGA for network security. The basic design of the proposed research remains the same although the scale of the projects varies. The study will include the research in FPGA algorithm development WSN encryption and computer aided systems design. Different views on the technology design, its applications and implementation will be presented in the research report. This research also adds to current research going on in field of the application level wireless network security, Data encryption and crypto-analysis. The Research Objectives The objectives of this research are Wireless level networks and analysis of security issues This step involves the study of the existing techniques in wireless network security. The research of the existing literature reveals that the wireless sensor network security techniques have been proposed for network security by some researchers and the existing models does not consider the use of feistel ciphers in the research. Design of the algorithm model The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. There are several other indirect applications of the model to be proposed. Literature Review A survey on FPGA for network security that was presented by Muhlbach (2010) depicts an execution of an intrusion detection system (IDS) on a FPGA for network security. Various studies have analyzed string-coordinating circuits for IDS. A strategy for producing a string based coordinating circuit that has expandability of handling information width and radically lessened asset prerequisites. This circuit is used for packet filtering for an intrusion protection system (IPS). An apparatus for consequently creating the Verilog HDL source code of the IDS circuit from rules set is developed, utilizing the FPGA and the IDS circuit generator, this framework can redesign the coordinating origin relating to new interruptions and attacks. The IDS circuit on a FPGA board has been assessed and its exactness and throughput is calculated. There are various methods, which depicts the usage of Simple Network Intrusion Detection System (SNIDS) detailed explanation is given by Flynn, A (2009), basic equipment arrange interruption recognition framework focusing on FPGA gadgets. SNIDS snoops the activity on the transport interfacing the processor to the Ethernet fringe center and identifies the Ethernet outlines that match a predefined set of examples demonstrating malevolent or refused content. SNIDS depends on an as of late proposed engineering for high-throughput string coordinating. This method executes the SNIDS utilizing the Xilinx CAD (Computer Aided Design) devices and tests its operation on a FPGA gadget. Moreover, programming instruments that empower programmed era of a SNIDS center coordinating a predefined set of examples. They exhibit the utilization of SNIDS inside a practical FPGA framework on a chip associated with a little system. Chan et al. exhibited that the PIKE plans include lower memory stockpiling necessities than arbitrary key circulation while requiring practically identical correspondence overheads. PIKE is as of now the main symmetric-key predistribution plot which scales sub-straightly in both correspondences overhead per hub and memory overhead per hub while being flexible to an enemy fit for undetected hub bargain. PIKE appreciates a uniform correspondence design for key foundation, which is difficult to irritate for an assailant. The dispersed way of PIKE likewise does not give a solitary purpose of inability to assault, giving versatility against focused assaults. There are certain challenges to be overcome while designing an FPGA algorithm for application level network security, a detailed explanation and analyses is given in (Koch Cho., 2007). The first and difficult challenge is designing an FPGA based algorithm for network security. The system to handle and analyze such data should be super-fast and compatible. The existing hardware is able to do many operations to handle the data; however, special computing systems should be designed to process larger data in shorter time. Another challenge in this area is to secure the data that is generated by multiple sources of different nature. The data needs to be processed before analyzing it for pattern discovery. The data generated is not necessarily complete because of different usage cases of the device. In addition, this feature is used to predict the events of a device and manage every other device and network connected to the device for efficiency, performance and reliability. Preparing abilities in wireless network hubs are ordinarily in view of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) or programmable microcontrollers. In any case, the utilization of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) gives particular equipment innovation, which can likewise be reprogrammable in this way giving a reconfigurable wireless network framework. The incomplete reconfiguration is the way toward altering just areas of the rationale that is executed in a FPGA. Accordingly, the comparing circuit can be adjusted to adjust its usefulness to perform diverse assignments. This adjustment ability permits the usage of complex applications by utilizing the fractional re-configurability with low power utilization. This last element additionally speaks to a critical perspective when FPGAs are connected in wireless network frameworks. These days, the wireless network frameworks are required to give an expanding exactness, determination, and accuracy while diminishing the size and utilization. Also , FPGAs and their fractional re-configurability permit us to furnish wireless network frameworks with extra properties like high security, preparing abilities, interfaces, testing, arrangement, and so on. The present capacities of FPGA designs permit not just execution of basic combinational and consecutive circuits, additionally the incorporation of abnormal state delicate processors. The utilization of incorporated processors holds numerous uncommon points of interest for the fashioner, including customization, out of date quality moderation, and segment and cost lessening and equipment increasing speed. FPGA implanted processors utilize FPGA rationale components to fabricate inside memory units, information and control transports, interior and outer fringe and memory controllers. Both Xilinx and Altera give FPGA gadgets that install physical center processors worked inside the FPGA chip. These sorts of processors are called hard processors. Such is the situation for the PowerPCà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 405 inside Virtex-4 FPGA gadgets from Xilinx and the ARM922Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ inside Excalibur FPGA gadgets from Altera. Delicate processors are microchips whose design is completely constructed utilizing a hardware description language (HDL). The proposed research uses an efficient method of Self-adoptable FPGA Stage for Application-Level Network Security. Research Design Description of the Research Design Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. These communication networks have higher transmission speeds and capable of handling the entire load. Security of this wireless communication network plays an important role to keep it robust and yet flexible. Network security is a basic issue for the application of new technologies in every aspect of society and the economy. It is especially critical for e-exchanges, where it is an essential to provide security for the transactions. The future threats to network security are still severe. As per a Computer Security Institute (CSI) survey, companies reported average annual losses of the $168,000 in 2006 and $350,424 in 2007, up forcefully from (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). This data reflects both the serious circumstance of system security, and also individuals accomplishment in this issue. Focused on attacks have turned into a pattern in system security. A focused attack is a malware targeted to a particular segment. Around 20% of the respondents of the CSI review endured this sort of security attacks are turning out to be more prominent than any time in recent time. Among the type of notorious target attacks, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is the most threatening system security. Since 2000, DoS attacks have become quickly and have been one of the significant dangers to the accessibility and unwavering quality of system based administrations. Securing the network infrastructure has turned into a high need because of its fundamental impacts for data protection, ecommerce and even national security (Hao Chen Yu Chen, 2010). Data security principally concentrates on information, data protection and encryption. The following are some of the Requirements for a Successful Security Application. Real-Time Protection: It is key for a powerful data instrument to process information at line-speed with moderate cost. All the data movement is subjected for examination in a convenient way, and alerts are produced precisely when unusual circumstances happen. Flexible Updating: Constantly developing malicious attacks require security answers for be versatile to hold viability. The redesign could be of the learning databases (marks) that the security examination relies on upon, another answer for determining, or even the framework itself. Redesigning an application will frequently be more functional than supplanting it practically speaking. Well Controlled Scalability. Scalability is another basic concern toward functional development. Numerous reported approaches function admirably on a little scale look into system, be that as it may, their execution weakens quickly when conveyed to down to earth scale systems, for example, grounds level systems on the other hand bigger. The principle purpose behind this is framework multifaceted nature for the most part increments at a much more noteworthy rate than the system. In contrast to programming executions, application oriented and very parallel plan standards make equipment usage prevalent as far as execution. For instance, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Stream Reassembly and State Tracking, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) could dissect a solitary TCP stream at 3.2Gbps in (M. Necker, D. Contis 2002). A FPGA-based TCP-processor created by Open Network Laboratory (ONL) was equipped for checking 8 million bidirectional TCP streams at OC-48 (2.5Gbps) information rate. ASIC-based gadgets not just have the upside of elite, accomplished through circuit plan committed to the errand, yet have the potential for low unit cost. Notwithstanding, generous cost alleviation from enormous non-repeating building venture must be accomplished when ASIC gadgets accomplish adequately high-volume creation. Shockingly, this may not be appropriate to network security applications. Steady developing guidelines and prerequisites make it unfeasible to manufacture ASIC-based system security applications at such a high volume. In addition, custom ASICs offer practically zero reconfigurability, which could be another reason that ASICs have not been generally connected in the system security zone. Reconfigurability is a key prerequisite for the accomplishment of equipment based system security applications and the accessibility of reconfigurable equipment has empowered the plan of equipment based security applications. A reconfigurable gadget could be considered as a hybrid equipment/programming stage since reconfigurability is utilized to stay up with the latest. FPGAs are the most illustrative reconfigurable equipment gadgets. A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a kind of broadly useful, multi-level programmable rationale gadget that can be customized. At the physical level, rationale squares and programmable interconnections make the principle structure out of a FPGA. A rationale square more often than not contains a 4- input look-into table (LUT) and a flip slump for essential rationale operations, while programmable interconnections between pieces permit clients to actualize multi-level rationale. At the plan level, a rationale circuit chart or a high level hardware description language (HDL), for example, VHDL or Verilog, is utilized for the programming that indicates how the chip ought to work. In the gadgets business it is imperative to achieve the market with new items in the briefest conceivable time and to lessen the monetary danger of executing new thoughts. FPGAs were immediately embraced for the prototyping of new rationale outlines not long after they were designed in the mid 1980s because of their one of a kind component of adaptability in equipment improvement. While the execution and size of FPGAs restricted their application in, thickness and speed have brought about narrowing the execution hole amongst FPGAs and ASICs empowering FPGAs to serve as quick prototyping devices as well as to wind up essential parts in installed networks. Description of the Subject Matter(and/or), Procedures, Tasks Current FPGAs share the execution favorable position of ASICs in light of the fact that they can execute parallel rationale works in equipment (Flynn, A., 2009). They additionally share a portion of the adaptability of implanted system processors in that they can be powerfully  reconfigured. The architecture of reconfigurable network platform, called Net Stage/DPR. The  application-free center uses IP, UDP and TCP conventions and additionally ARP and ICMP  messages. It has a hierarchical design plan that permits the quick expansion of new conventions  in modules at all layers of the systems administration.   From figure 1, Handlers are connected to the core by using two different shared buses  with a throughput of 20 Gb/s each, one for the transmit and one for the receive side. Buffers boost the different processing stages and limit the impact of Handler in the processing flow. The  interface between the buffers and the actual handlers acts as a boundary for using dynamic  partial reconfiguration to swap the handlers to and fro as required.   All handlers have the same coherent and physical interfaces to the center framework. The  physical interface comprises of the association with the buffers, strategic flags, for example,  clock and reset. However, the handlers communicate with the rest of the framework simply by  sending and accepting messages (not really relating to real system bundles). These messages  comprise of an inner control header (containing, e.g., charges or state information) and  (alternatively) the payload of a system bundle. In this form, the physical interface can stay  indistinguishable over all handlers, which significantly rearranges DPR. For a similar reason,  handlers ought to likewise be stateless and utilize the Global State Memory benefit by the Net  Stage center rather (state information will then simply turn out to be a piece of the messages).   This approach avoids the need to explicitly reestablish state when handlers are reconfigured.   Incoming packets must be routed to the fitting Handler. In any case, utilizing the Handler  may really be arranged onto diverse parts of the FPGA. In this manner, we require an element  routing table that coordinates the message encapsulated payloads to the suitable administration  module. Our routing table has the standard structure of coordinating convention, attachment, and  address/net mask information of an approaching bundle to discover the related Handler and it can  get information for a whole subnet. On the transmitting side, handlers store active messages into  their departure cushions, where they will be grabbed by the center for sending. This is done  utilizing a straightforward round-robin approach, yet more perplexing plans could, obviously, be  included as required. On the off chance that bundles are bound for a Handler with a full entrance  cradle, they will be disposed of. Nonetheless, since the greater part of our present handlers can work at any r ate at the line rate; this will not happen with amid standard operation. Bundles for  which a Handler is accessible disconnected (not yet arranged onto the gadget) will be checked  before being disposed of, in the long run bringing about arranging the Handler onto the FPGA.   This technique does not ensure the gathering of all bundles yet speaks to a decent tradeoff  between speed whats more, many-sided quality. In this case that no fitting Handler exists  bundles will be discharged immediately. From Figure 2, The system can perform the self-ruling of a host PC. A committed  equipment unit is utilized as Controller of an implanted delicate center processor, since the last  would not have the capacity to accomplish the high reconfiguration speeds. Since of the capacity  prerequisites the Handler bit streams are put away in an outside SDRAM memory, and sustained  into the on-chip arrangement get to port (ICAP) by utilizing quick exchanges. For effective  results, underlying execution requires isolate bit streams for each Handler, comparing to the  physical area of the in part reconfigurable regions. To this end, the SDRAM is composed in  groups, which hold various forms of every Handler, tended to by the Handler ID and the  objective Slot number. For more accurate implementation we set the group estimate to the  normal size of every Handlers bit stream. In a more refined execution, we could utilize a solitary  bit stream for every Handler, which would then be moved to the objective Slot at run-time, and  bit stream pressure strategies to encourage lessen its size. A rule based adjustment system is executed in the Adaptation Engine that deciphers  packets measurements. In particular, bundles at the attachment level got in a period interval.   These measurements are kept for packets for which a Handler is really accessible. The design  looks for quick run queries and insights upgrades (few cycles) not withstanding for high packet  rates (10 Gb/s, bundle estimate Since they depend on similar information structures, the Packet Forwarder and the  Adaptation Motor are acknowledged in a typical equipment module. It contains the rationale for  following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Double ports  Block RAMs are utilized to understand the 1024-section Rule and 512-section Counter Tables.   Hence, queries to decide the Slot of the goal Handler for an approaching bundle can be  performed in parallel to the run administration whats more, counter procedures. For range  proficiency, the CAM is shared between the capacities. Be that as it may, since the throughput of  the framework is straightforwardly influenced by the Packet Forwarding execution, the  comparing opening steering queries will dependably have need while getting to the CAM. Since  the CAM is utilized quickly for every procedure, it wont turn into a bottleneck. The Packet  Forwarder rationale puts the goal Handler opening for an approaching parcel in the yield line.  The sending gaze upward is pipelined: by beginning the procedure when convention, IP address  and port number have been gotten, the looked-into goal opening will by and large be accessible  when it is really required (once the bundle has gone through the entire center convention  handling). Since parcels will be neither reordere d nor dropped some time recently the Handler  arrange, basic lines suffice for buffering look-into results here. Since not every approaching  parcel ought to be numbered (e.g., TCP ACKs ought to be disregarded), the Adaptation Engine  utilizes a different port to upgrade the Counter Table just for particular bundles. The Rule  Management subsystem acknowledges orders from the administration organize interface through  a different FIFO, and has an inward FIFO that monitors accessible line addresses in the Rule  Table. From Figure 3, The FPGA locales for every Slot have been measured to 1920 LUTs  (only twice as the normal module measure). All openings have rise to region about demonstrate   that module sizes are moderately close. This rearranges the adjustment handle, since else we  would need to play out different sweeps while selecting on-line/disconnected hopefuls (one for  each unique Slot measure class). The dynamic halfway reconfiguration times and the subsequent  number of conceivable reconfigurations every second for the ICAP recurrence of 100 MHz we  utilize. We demonstrate the times not just for the 1920 LUT Slots we have utilized additionally  for both littler and bigger decisions (the best size is application-subordinate). By and large, LUTs  are not rare while acknowledging bigger Slots; however the predetermined number of accessible  Block RAMs can oblige a plan to fewer than 16 Slots if a Slot requires committed Block RAMs.  Considering the total adjustment opera tion, the time required is ruled by the real reconfiguration  time, as ICAP throughput is the restricting figure. Every single different process is  fundamentally speedier. For instance, the procedure to look over every one of the 512 Counter  Table passages to locate the following competitors requires just around 3 µs at 156.25MHz clock  speed, an immaterial time relative to the reconfiguration time (Hori Y, Satoh.2008)   Possible Errors and Their Solutions The following are the possible errors accustomed in FPGA, tampering threats such as destructive analysis, over- and under-voltage analysis, and timing analysis. Using destructive analysis, each layer of the device is captured to determine its functionality. This process requires expensive equipment and expertise. Timing analysis and over- and under-voltage analysis do not require expensive equipment, but are error prone, so are less frequently used to reverse-engineer complex FPGA designs. Also, timing analysis on an FPGA is deterministic, so the time taken from input to output can be determined by passing a signal through a multiplexer. Findings Wireless communication is one of the latest and the revolutionary technology of the last decade. It intends to connect every device on the planet wirelessly. This number could be billions or even trillions. A Self Adoptable FPGA for application level network security is must in order to have effective network security (Sascha Andreas, 2014). Since they depend on similar information structures, it contains the rationale for following insights, deciphering rules, and overseeing Handler-Slot assignments. Block RAMs are utilized to understand the section Rule and section Counter Tables. This method has very low security and the security standards can be easily cracked. (Deng et al. R. Han, 2006) created INSENS, a protected and Intrusion tolerant routing algorithm for application level security in wireless Sensor Networks. Excess multipath routing enhances interruption resilience by bypassing malignant nodes. INSENS works effectively in the nearness of interlopers. To address asset requirements, calculation on the network nodes is offloaded to asset rich base stations, e.g. registering routing tables, while low-multifaceted nature security techniques are connected, e.g. symmetric key cryptography and one-way hash capacities. The extent of harm delivered by interlopers is further constrained by limiting flooding to the base station and by having the base station arrange its bundles utilizing one-way grouping numbers. (Kang et al. K. Liu 2006) investigated the issue of versatile network routing algorithm. Regardless of the possibility that area data is checked, nodes may in any case get into mischief, for instance, by sending an extreme number of packets or dropping packets. To powerfully maintain a strategic distance from un-trusted ways and keep on routing packets even within the sight of attacks, the proposed arrangement utilizes rate control, parcel planning, and probabilistic multipath routing joined with the trust-based course choice. They examined the proposed approach in detail, sketching out effective decisions by considering conceivable attacks. They analyzed the execution of their strong network routing protocol and its performance in various situations. Several algorithms are proposed by researchers in order to improve the efficiency of application level network security, every method has its own merits and demerits. A new method to improve the algorithmic efficiency has been proposed in this research by examining all the previous algorithms. Proposed method will be high efficient when it is related to the existing techniques. The new algorithm proposed uses spacecraft network standards of communications by upgrading the data transfer processing speed to higher performance speeds with the available standards. Analysis This research is concept based and discusses the feasibility of FPGA in application level wireless communication networks to enhance applications. This study reviews the existing literature thoroughly and also proposes the use of FPGA to be applied as the next version to the application level network security The model to be proposed uses self-adoptable FPGA for application level network security. A new FPGA based algorithm is designed in order to decrease the extent of attacks in application level network security. It shows that new and more stable security algorithms need to be developed to provide information safety and confidentiality in the networks. This is useful in minimizing the vulnerable attacks in application level networks. The applications of the proposed model are infinite. FPGA intends to strong network security. Therefore, these are not specific to any field or application. There are different classifications of the applications. These classifications are required for better understanding and not necessarily research requirements. These are useful to the users in a way that increases the extent of safety and security of data in wireless data transmission. The performance analysis in network security is determined based of the extent of vulnerable attacks. The proposed algorithm is not tested further research is required for implementing this algorithm in a real time platform. Conclusions Restatement of the Problem With the developing dependence of business, government, and additionally priv